Saturday, October 9, 2010

Child Endangerment

(b) (1) Any person who commits an act described in subdivision (a) by use of force, violence, duress, menace, or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury on the victim or another person, is guilty of a felony and shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for three, six, or eight years.    (2) Any person who is a caretaker
and commits an act described in subdivision (a) upon a dependent person by use of force, violence, duress, menace, or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury on the victim or another person,with the intent described in subdivision (a), is guilty of a felonyand shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for three,
six, or eight years.

This is the second post on child endangerment. This section is stating that anyone who commits one of the above mentioned acts (see previous post)with the use of force, violence, duress, menace, or fear is guilty of afelony in which time in prison shall be three, six, or eight years.These are some stiff penalties, however, the state has a very strong andcompelling interest to deter this type of crime. Part (2) states thatif you are the care taken of the dependent person and you commit this type of crime you are looking at three, six or eight years in the stateprison. Once again the state is looking to punish and deter these typesof acts.

Tuesday, September 14, 2010

CA Penal Code 288 - child endangerment

CA Penal Code Section 288 states the following:
(a) Any person who willfully and lewdly commits any lewd or lascivious
act, including any of the acts constituting other crimes provided for
in Part 1, upon or with the body, or any part or member thereof, of a
child who is under the age of 14 years, with the intent of arousing,
appealing to, or gratifying the lust, passions, or sexual desires of
that person or the child, is guilty of a felony and shall be punished
by imprisonment in the state prison for three, six, or eight years.

(b) (1) Any person who commits an act described in subdivision (a) by
use of force, violence, duress, menace, or fear of immediate and
unlawful bodily injury on the victim or another person, is guilty of
a felony and shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison
for three, six, or eight years. (2) Any person who is a caretaker
and commits an act described in subdivision (a) upon a dependent
person by use of force, violence, duress, menace, or fear of
immediate and unlawful bodily injury on the victim or another person,
with the intent described in subdivision (a), is guilty of a felony
and shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for three,
six, or eight years. (c) (1) Any person who commits an act
described in subdivision (a) with the intent described in that
subdivision, and the victim is a child of 14 or 15 years, and that
person is at least 10 years older than the child, is guilty of a
public offense and shall be punished by imprisonment in the state
prison for one, two, or three years, or by imprisonment in a county
jail for not more than one year. In determining whether the person
is at least 10 years older than the child, the difference in age
shall be measured from the birth date of the person to the birth
date of the child.
(2) Any person who is a caretaker and commits an act described in
subdivision (a) upon a dependent person, with the intent described
in subdivision (a), is guilty of a public offense and shall be
punished by imprisonment in the state prison for one, two, or three
years, or by imprisonment in a county jail for not more than one
year.
(d) In any arrest or prosecution under this section or Section 288.5,
the peace officer, district attorney, and the court shall consider
the needs of the child victim or dependent person and shall do
whatever is necessary, within existing budgetary resources, and
constitutionally permissible to prevent psychological harm to the
child victim or to prevent psychological harm to the dependent person
victim resulting from participation in the court process.
(e) Upon the conviction of any person for a violation of subdivision
(a) or (b), the court may, in addition to any other penalty or fine
imposed, order the defendant to pay an additional fine not to exceed
ten thousand dollars ($10,000). In setting the amount of the fine,
the court shall consider any relevant factors, including, but not
limited to, the seriousness and gravity of the offense, the
circumstances of its commission, whether the defendant derived any
economic gain as a result of the crime, and the extent to which the
victim suffered economic losses as a result of the crime. Every fine
imposed and collected under this section shall be deposited in the
Victim-Witness Assistance Fund to be available for appropriation to
fund child sexual exploitation and child sexual abuse victim
counseling centers and prevention programs pursuant to Section 13837.
If the court orders a fine imposed pursuant to this subdivision,
the actual administrative cost of collecting that fine, not to exceed
2 percent of the total amount paid, may be paid into the general fund
of the county treasury for the use and benefit of the county.
(f) For purposes of paragraph (2) of subdivision (b) and paragraph
(2) of subdivision (c), the following definitions apply:
(1) "Caretaker" means an owner, operator, administrator, employee,
independent contractor, agent, or volunteer of any of the following
public or private facilities when the facilities provide care for
elder or dependent persons: (A) Twenty-four hour health facilities,
as defined in Sections 1250, 1250.2, and 1250.3 of the Health and
Safety Code.
(B) Clinics.
(C) Home health agencies.
(D) Adult day health care centers.
(E) Secondary schools that serve dependent persons and postsecondary
educational institutions that serve dependent persons or elders.
(F) Sheltered workshops.
(G) Camps.
(H) Community care facilities, as defined by Section 1402 of the
Health and Safety Code, and residential care facilities for the
elderly, as defined in Section 1569.2 of the Health and Safety Code.
(I) Respite care facilities.
(J) Foster homes.
(K) Regional centers for persons with developmental disabilities.
(L) A home health agency licensed in accordance with Chapter 8
(commencing with Section 1725) of Division 2 of the Health and Safety
Code.
(M) An agency that supplies in-home supportive services.
(N) Board and care facilities.
(O) Any other protective or public assistance agency that provides
health services or social services to elder or dependent persons,
including, but not limited to, in-home supportive services, as defined
in Section 14005.14 of the Welfare and Institutions Code.
(P) Private residences.
(2) "Board and care facilities" means licensed or unlicensed facilities
that provide assistance with one or more of the following activities:
(A) Bathing.
(B) Dressing.
(C) Grooming.
(D) Medication storage.
(E) Medical dispensation.
(F) Money management.
(3) "Dependent person" means any person who has a physical or mental
impairment that substantially restricts his or her ability to carry out
normal activities or to protect his or her rights, including, but not
limited to, persons who have physical or developmental disabilities or
whose physical or mental abilities have significantly diminished
because of age. "Dependent person" includes any person who is admitted
as an inpatient to a 24-hour health facility, as defined in Sections
1250, 1250.2, and 1250.3 of the Health and Safety Code.
(g) Paragraph (2) of subdivision (b) and paragraph (2) of subdivision
(c) apply to the owners, operators, administrators, employees,
independent contractors, agents, or volunteers working at these public
or private facilities and only to the extent that the individuals
personally commit, conspire, aid, abet, or facilitate any act
prohibited by paragraph (2) of subdivision (b) and paragraph (2) of
subdivision (c).
(h) Paragraph (2) of subdivision (b) and paragraph (2) of subdivision
(c) do not apply to a caretaker who is a spouse of, or who is in an
equivalent domestic relationship with, the dependent person under care.

Now this is fairly long penal code section, so we will break it down
a few parts. Today we will cover section (a). Section (a) states
that any person (mom, dad, brother, stranger, or other family member)
who willfully (with intent and purpose) and lewdly (done for purpose
of sexual arousal in the defendant or victim) commits any lewd or lascivious act, including any of the acts constituting other crimes provided for in Part 1, upon or with the body (touching the victim
or having the victim touch the defendant, with hands, arms, feet, face
or any other body part), or any part or member thereof, of a child who is under the age of 14 years, with the intent of arousing, appealing to, or gratifying the lust, passions, or sexual desires of that person or the child, is guilty of a felony and shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for three, six, or eight years.

As you can see this is a serious offense and carries numerous consequences.
The Defendant will likely receive a strike for the purpose of three
strike's law, will have to give blood and saliva samples and may or may not
have to pay a fine of up to $10,000.00. The defendant will likely
face a restraining order, reporting as a sex offender and more than like
jail time (it is highly unlikely that an individual convicted of this
crime will get probation - but it is not impossible).

Saturday, July 17, 2010

Theft/Dishonest crimes

The next series of blogs will cover theft/dishonest crimes. For example, theft, embezzlement, forgery, possession of stolen property, etc. These crimes can carry significant jail time, but they also have the added detriment of being crimes involving moral turpitude when dealing with immigration. It is important to note that if an individual is convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude it may prevent any immigration benefits for the alien or the alien's spouse.

CA Penal Code 472 states as follows:

Every person who, with intent to defraud another, forges, or counterfeits the seal of this State, the seal of any public officer authorized by law, the seal of any Court of record, or the seal of any corporation, or any other public seal authorized or recognized by the laws of this State, or of any other State, Government, or country, or who falsely makes, forges, or counterfeits any impression purporting to be an impression of any such seal, or who has in his possession any such counterfeited seal or impression thereof, knowing it to be counterfeited, and willfully conceals the same, is guilty of forgery.

One of the key elements of forgery is that a person intents to defraud, forge or counterfeit the seal of certain organizations/corporations of public institutions that are recognized by the state of California. PC 472 further includes any impressions of these seals. Lastly, anyone who has in his/her possession of the counterfeited seal or impression, knows it is counterfeited and willfully conceals it is guilty of forgery.

As you can see the list is pretty expansive and can include some innocent sounding activities. Anyone that is in possession of a forged social security number or driver's license could be charged with this crime.

Tuesday, July 6, 2010

Violating Probation

Probation is often granted in misdemeanor and felony cases. Probation is generally preferable to incarceration. During probation the defendant must abide by the terms and conditions of probation. If you fail to abide by these terms and conditions you have violated your probation. You only need to violate one of your terms and conditions to be in trouble, you do not need to violate them all.

A violation can be something as small as drinking a beer or as big as violating a restraining order! Either of these will get you in trouble. Once you have violated your probation you are looking at possible jail time. Depending on the terms and conditions and your underlying crime you may look at getting probation reinstated or you are looking at incarceration. A great deal of this depends on your D.A. and the court you are in. Sometimes it is possible to get a serious violation dropped and a minor one to replace it and you go back on probation. Other times you are going to go to jail no matter what your attorney does. Remember, you broke the terms and conditions of your probation and while your attorney may be good they cannot change the fact that you violated probation.

If you are accused of violating probation you have the right to a Vickers hearing. This is a hearing in which the state has to prove by a preponderance of the evidence (50.01%) that you violated the probation. Furthermore, the rules of evidence are much more lax and hearsay and other forms of evidence can be admitted into the hearing. It is uncommon for a person to prove that they did not violate probation.

One of the worst things about violating probation is that you may be facing more time in custody than you would have than if you had done straight time after sentencing.

Tuesday, June 22, 2010

Readiness Conference

Rule 4.112. Readiness conference

(a) Date and appearances

The court may hold a readiness conference in felony cases within 1 to 14 days before the date set for trial. At the readiness conference:

(1)All trial counsel must appear and be prepared to discuss the case and determine whether the case can be disposed of without trial;

(2)The prosecuting attorney must have authority to dispose of the case; and

(3)The defendant must be present in court.

At a Readiness Conference, which may also be called a pre-trial conference, all parties discuss the case and try to determine if it can be settled before going to trial. The parties will also discuss any issues that may come up during the case or any legal matters that are pending. If the parties are unable to come to a settlement a trial date may be confirmed or a party may ask for an extension. A readiness hearing may be only a formality in certain cases (both parties are ready to go forward and it has been determined that a settlement is not an option).

Monday, June 14, 2010

PC 417(a)(1) (brandishing a weapon)

California Penal Code section 417 states:
(a) (1) Every person who, except in self-defense, in the
presence of any other person, draws or exhibits any deadly weapon
whatsoever, other than a firearm, in a rude, angry, or threatening
manner, or who in any manner, unlawfully uses a deadly weapon other
than a firearm in any fight or quarrel is guilty of a misdemeanor,
punishable by imprisonment in a county jail for not less than 30
days.
Under PC 417(a)(1) a person is guilty of a misdemeanor if they
draw or exhibit any deadly weapon (knife, bat, machete, switch-blade,
broken bottle, crowbar, etc.) that is not a firearm in a rude,
angry or threatening manner. The individual is also guilty of a
misdemeanor if they unlawfully use a deadly weapon (except a
firearm) in any fight or quarrel.
The punishment for this is a minimum of 30 days in county jail.

Wednesday, June 2, 2010

CA Penal Code Section 484(a)

Under California Penal Code Section 484(a) a person commits
theft if:
(a) Every person who shall feloniously steal, take, carry,
lead, or drive away the personal property of another, or who
shall fraudulently appropriate property which has been
entrusted to him or her, or who shall knowingly and
designedly, by any false or fraudulent representation or
pretense, defraud any other person of money, labor or real
or personal property, or who causes or procures others to
report falsely of his or her wealth or mercantile character
and by thus imposing upon any person, obtains credit and
thereby fraudulently gets or obtains possession of money, or
property or obtains the labor or service of another, is
guilty of theft. In determining the value of the property
obtained, for the purposes of this section, the reasonable
and fair market value shall be the test, and in determining
the value of services received the contract price shall be
the test. If there be no contract price, the reasonable and
going wage for the service rendered shall govern. For the
purposes of this section, any false or fraudulent
representation or pretense made shall be treated as
continuing, so as to cover any money, property or service
received as a result thereof, and the complaint, information
or indictment may charge that the crime was committed on any
date during the particular period in question. The hiring of
any additional employee or employees without advising each
of them of every labor claim due and unpaid and every
judgment that the employer has been unable to meet shall be
prima facie evidence of intent to defraud.

The current law got rid of the various common law definitions
that used to be presented to juries. Today, theft includes
theft by trick, theft by larceny, embezzlement, fraud, and
other forms of obtaining property of another in which you do
not have a valid claim to. California Penal Code 484
contains more parts but I wanted to focus on 484(a) as it
defines the various types of theft.

Theft has traditionally been defined as the larcenous taking
of the personal property of another with the intent to
permanently deprive. Today, this definition is included in
section 484, but it was expanded to include embezzlement and
other crimes. For a conviction based on 484, the jurors only
have to convict based on any one of these crimes, they need
not agree or convict on all the discussed crimes.